A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All
Khade, Ajay M.
- Utility of Paper Pencil Tests for the Assessment of Psychomotor Performance - a Study with Chlorpheniramine
Authors
1 Pharmacology Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS) Adilabad A.P., IN
2 Pharmacology Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Adilabad, A.P., IN
Source
Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, Vol 2, No 1 (2011), Pagination: 40-43Abstract
Background
The effects of drugs on psychomotor performance have been investigated using a variety of techniques. But the various techniques used are often complex and sometimes inconvenient. Paper and pencil tests do not need complex equipment, they are easy to administer and replicate. That's why the present study was planned to assess the utility of paper pencil test for conducting psychomotor studies.
Materials and methods
Following each single dose of chlorpheniramine 4 mg or placebo, 24 subjects performed paper pencil tests- six digit cancellation test, digit symbol substitution test and arithmetic ability at 0, 2, and 4 hours interval. Subjective assessment was done by three different visual analogue scales in the double blind placebo controlled study.
Results
In all the paper pencil tests performance was impaired by chlorpheniramine significantly at 2 hours and 4 hours in comparison to placebo. These findings were also reflected in the subjective assessment of visual analogue scales.
Conclusion
It can be concluded from the study that paper and pencil tests are useful tools for the assessment of psychomotor performance. Paper pencil test should be the part of battery of psychometric tests.
Keywords
Paper Pencil Test, Six Digit Cancellation Test, Digit Symbol Substitution Test, Arithmetic Ability, Visual Analogue Scale
References
- Kamei, H., Noda, Y., Ishikawa, K., Senzaki, K., Muraoka, I., Hasegawa, Y., Hindmarch, I., Nabeshima, T. Comparative study of acute effects of single doses of fexofenadine, olopatadine, d-chlorpheniramine and placebo on psychomotor function in healthy volunteers. Hum Psychopharmacol 2003 ; 18(8) : 611- 8.
- Broadbent, D.E. Performance and its measurement. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1984 ; 18 : 5S-9S.
- Nicholson, A.N. Concluding remarks (International seminar on psychotropic drugs and performance measurement). Br J Clin Pharmacol 1984 ; 18 : 139S- 140S.
- Manual on Clinical Pharmacology. Workshop on clinical pharmacology, 2003. Post Grad 1nst Med Ed Res (PGIMER) Chandigarh.
- Stone, B.M. Pencil and Paper tests-sensitivity to psychotropic drugs. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1984 ; 18 Suppl 1 : 15S-20S.
- Chong, D., Wong, C.K., Ong, H.T., Lee, C.Y., Lee, B.W., Shek, L.P. Central nervous system side effects of first and second generation antihistamines in school children with perennial allergic rhinitis: a randomized double blind, placebo-controlled comparative study. Pediatr 2004 ; 113(2) : 116-21.
- Philpot, E.E., Brooker, A.E., Biegalski, C.S. Effects of sedating and nonsedating antihistamines on flying performance. Mil Med 1993 ; 158(10) : 654-60.
- Witek, T.J. Jr., Canestrari, D.A., Miller, R.D., Yang, J.Y., Riker, D.K. Characterization of daytime sleepiness and psychomotor performance following H1 receptor antagonists. Ann Allergy asthma Immunol 1995 ; 74(5) : 419-426.
- Waller, D., Levander, S. Smoking and vigilance. The effect of tobacco smoking on CFF as related to personality and smoking habits. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1980 ; 70(2) : 131-6.
- Hindmarch, I., Rigney, U., Stanley, N., Quinlan, P., Raycroft, J., Lane, J. A naturalistic investigation of the effects of day-long consumption of tea, coffee and water on alertness, sleep onset and sleep quality. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2000 ; 149(3) : 203-16.
- Hindmarch. I., Quinlan, P.T., Moore, K.L., Parkin, C. The effects of black tea and other beverages on aspect of cognition and psychomotor performance. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1998 ; 139(3) : 230-8.
- Aitken, R.C.B. Measurement of feelings using visual analogue scales. Proc Roy Soc Med 1969 ; 62 : 989-993.
- Brown, N.J., Roberts, L.J. Histamine, Bradykinin and their antagonists. In: Hardman, J.G., Limbird, L.E., Molinoff, P.B., Ruddon, R.W., Gillman, A.G., editors, Goodman and Gilman’s The pharmacological basis of therapeutics 10th International edition, New York, McGraw - Hill, 2001 : 645-658.
- Simons, F.E., Reggin, J.D., Roberts, J.R., Simons, K.J. Benefit/risk ratio of the antihistamines (H1-receptor antagonists) terfenadine and hlorpheniramine in children. J Pediatr 1994 ; 124(6) : 979-83.
- Clarke, C.H., Nicholson, A.N. Performance studies with antihistamines. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1978 ; 6 : 31-35.
- Meador, K.J., Ioring, D.W., Thompson, E.E., Thompson, W.O. Differential cognitive effects of terfenadine and chlorpheniramine. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1989 ; 84(3) : 322-325.
- Maxwell, C. Sensitivity and accuracy of the visual analogue scale: A Psycho-physical classroom experiment. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1978 ; 6 : 15-24.
- Hindmarch, I. Psychomotor function and Psychoactive drugs. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1980 ; 10 : 189-209.